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They dedicated themselves to taking it from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by listening to him, and others taught themselves by learning from one another.
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) wanted to advise on what will happen after his death based on the success of these four and their potential in Quran teaching, and that they are more advantaged than others in that. This has Ijazah meaning in its core even if it's not literally mentioned.
The term "ijazah" did not appear until the third century AH, when scholars used to travel for months to specific authorities (Shaykhs), especially the oldest and most respected of the day, to hear the hadiths and Quran from their mouths and receive their permission (ijazah) to transfer those in their names.
This chain has continued to the present day. Students of the Quran and Hadith seek the eligible Shaykhs to have their approval that they have mastered what they learned and are now allowed to pass it on to others.